A year after Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo signed a peace agreement in Washington aimed at easing tensions between the two countries, insecurity in eastern DRC continues to undermine its implementation.
The Washington Agreement, signed on June 27, 2025, was intended to halt hostilities between Kinshasa and Kigali and establish a framework for sustainable peace and economic cooperation. Central to the accord was a commitment by the DRC to dismantle the FDLR armed group, while Rwanda would lift its defensive security measures in return.
However, despite these commitments, the situation on the ground remains volatile. Fighting between the Congolese army (FARDC) and the AFC/M23 rebel alliance has persisted, with civilians continuing to bear the brunt of the conflict.
Heavy clashes have been reported in North Kivu’s territories of Masisi, Rutshuru, and Walikale, while violence has also spread to parts of South Kivu, including Uvira, Fizi, and Mwenga. The ongoing fighting has resulted in fresh waves of displacement, destruction of infrastructure, and increased use of heavy weaponry, including artillery shelling and drone strikes.
In areas under AFC/M23 control in both North and South Kivu, reports indicate the establishment of parallel administrative structures, further complicating the security and governance landscape.
Concerns over non-compliance with the Washington Agreement were raised during a United Nations Security Council session.
Massad Boulos, Senior Advisor to the U.S. President for Africa and the Middle East, said key obligations under the deal remain unfulfilled.
“Despite some progress, the parties continue to fall short of their commitments. The DRC has not implemented its pledge to dismantle the FDLR in areas under its control, while Rwanda has also not fulfilled its commitment to lift its defensive measures,” he said.
He added that the United States has already imposed sanctions on individuals and entities accused of undermining peace efforts.
