Mu gihe Isi yugarijwe n’ibibazo by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bikomeje guteza ibibazo bikomeye uyu mubumbe, kuri ubu ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika biri guhindura uburyo byakongera ingufu zisubira ariko bikozwe mu buryo butangiza ibidukikije aho biri kuyoboka inzira yo gukoresha ingufu za nikeleyeri nka zimwe mu zizewe kandi zitanga amashanyarazi arambye.
Muri uko guhindagurika umugabane wa Afurika urebye ni wo wasigaye inyuma mu kuyoboka inzira yo gukoresha ingufu za nucleaire kuko kuri ubu Afurika y’Epfo ni cyo gihugu rukumbi kuri uyu mugabane cyitunganyiriza izi ngufu.
Kimwe n’ibindi bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, u Rwanda rugeze kure umushinga wo kwiyubakira uruganda rw’ingufu za nucléaire zizakoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye bigamije iterambere.
Ingufu za Nucléaire zishobora kwifashishwa mu bintu byinshi nko mu gutanga amashanyarazi, mu buvuzi cyane cyane ubw’indwara zikomeye nka kanseri kuko imirasire yazo ariyo yifashishwa mu kuyishiririza, mu bijyanye n’umutekano kuko nko mu byuma bisaka arizo zikoreshwa cyangwa se mu gukora intwaro.
U Rwanda nka kimwe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’iterembere rwifuza kongera ingano y’amashanyarazi rukoresha ariko hifashishijwe ingufu za nucleaire.
Ni muri urwo rwego u Rwanda rwifuza ko ruzaba rufite amashanyarazi angana na gigawatt 1,5 akomoka kuri izi ngufu bitarenze 2050.
Inzira izageza u Rwanda ku ngufu za nucleaire
U Rwanda rugaragaza ko igihugu gikeneye gutunganya ingufu z’amashanyarazi za megawatt zirenga 5,000 mu gihe kuri ubu u Rwanda rufite megawatt 406.
Mu rwego rwo kugera kuri iyi ntego u Rwanda rurasabwa kubaka uruganda rutunganya ingufu za nucleaire nka kimwe mu byarufasha kubona ingano y’amashanyarazi rukeneye.
Kugira ngo ingufu za nucleaire ziboneke hasabwa kuba ufite uranium hanyuma intima zayo (atome) zigatunganywa zigatanga ubushyuhe akaba ari bwo bwifashishwa mu gushyushya amazi atanga umwuka hanyuma akaba ariwo bayobora mu mashini ugatanga amashanyarazi.
Garama imwe ya Uranium, ishobora gutanga ingufu zingana n’izatangwa na toni zirenga z’amakara.
Kubaka uruganda rwa nikeleyeri si kimwe nko kubaka urusanzwe kuko rukenera kubakwa ahantu hisanzuye ndetse hategereye ahatuwe n’abantu, bisobanuye ko rukenera kubakwa ku buso buhagije.
Bitewe n’imiterere y’u Rwanda ndetse n’ubuso bwarwo byagaragaye ko bitashoboka gukora uruganda runini hisungwa uruganda ruto.
Uruganda rwa nucleaire bisaba ko hagati yarwo n’ibindi bikorwa habamo umwitangirizwa nibura wa kilometero 40. Bisobanuye ko uruganda rwaba rwubatse i Kigali hanyuma ibindi bikorwa byibura bikaba biri hafi i Muhanga.
Ni muri urwo rwego leta yafashe icyemezo cyo kubaka uruganda ruto rutunganya ingufu za nucléaire (Small Modular Reactor) kuko ari zo zafasha kugera kuri iyo ntego ari nayo mpamvu rwisunga uruganda ruto ariko rukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.
Intambwe ya mbere yaratewe
Ahazukwa uru ruganda hagomba kuba hari amazi ahagije yifashishwa mu gushaka umwuka ushyushye ubyara amashanyarazi, hadatuwe cyane ndetse hitaruye mu rwego rwo kwirinda ibyago byabageraho.
Kubaka uruganda rwa nikeleyeri bisaba ubushobozi faranga aho u Rwanda rwabanje gushaka abafatanyabikorwa. Nubwo uruganda u Rwanda rukeneye kubaka hataramenyekana azarugendaho gusa rwateganyije ko byibuze megawatt 1 yajya itwara miliyoni 4$.
Niba mu 2050 u Rwanda rushaka kuba rufite amashanyarazi ya megawatt 1500 bisobanuye ko byibuze ruzakenera miliyari 6$.
Ku ikubitiro mu 2018 u Rwanda rwatangiye imikoranire n’u Burusiya igamije gushyira mu Rwanda ikigo gikora ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za nucleaire.
Mu 2024, u Rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubufatanye n’Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gikora ibijyanye n’izi ngufu cya ’Nano Nuclear Energy Inc’, hagamijwe gukora ikoranabuhanga rishya rizajya ryifashishwa mu kubyaza ingufu za Nucléaire amashanyarazi.
Mu nama Nyafurika yiga ku iterambere ry’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za nucléaire iherutse kubera i Kigali, u Rwanda rwasinyanye amasezerano n’Ikigo cyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Holtec International, gikora ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa mu kubyaza ingufu za nucléaire amashanyarazi.
Holtec International ikora Small Modular Reactors (SMR) zifashishwa mu kubyaza ingufu za nucléaire amashanyarazi. Uru ruganda rwo muri ubu bwoko ni rwo u Rwanda rwahisemo kuzubaka.
Holtec itangaza ko u Rwanda rusabwa nibura hegitari 16 zizubakwaho uru ruganda. SMR Modular imwe iba ireshya na metero imwe na santimetero 80. U Rwanda rurashaka kugira uruganda rufite enye, buri imwe ishobora gutanga MW 200, zose hamwe zigatanga MW 600.
Hasigaye iki?
U Rwanda rufite gahunda y’uko mu 2030 ruzaba rwaratangiye gukoresha ingufu za nucleaire ziturutse mu ruganda rwubatse.
Mu nama ya NEISA, Perezida Kagame yashyikirijwe raporo yakozwe n’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu za nucléaire, ikubiyemo ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’icyiciro cya mbere ku bijyanye n’ibisabwa kugira ngo mu Rwanda hatangire gushyirwa ibikorwaremezo bibyaza umusaruro ingufu za nucléaire.
Iyi raporo irakomeye kuko icyiciro cya mbere cyakozwe, cyerekana ko ubu u Rwanda rushobora kwinjira mu cyiciro cya kabiri kijyanye n’ibiganiro n’abafatanyabikorwa n’abandi batanga serivisi zijyanye n’iyubakwa ry’imishinga ishingiye ku ngufu za nucléaire.
SMR ntizakenera ubuso bunini kandi zitanga umusaruro utubutse, ikindi kandi ntizigira ingaruka ku baturage kuko iyo zigize ikibazo kijyanye n’impanuka zo aho kwaka zishya ahubwo zaka zizima.
Kubaka uru ruganda ndetse no kurukoresha bikenera abakozi babyize kandi babizobereyo. Rumwe rukenera nk’abakozi bari hagati ya 220 na 250, bakora mu byiciro bine.
Mu 2024, byavuzwe ko hari abanyeshuri bo mu Rwanda barenga 200, bari bagiye koherezwa mu mahanga mu guhaha ubumenyi muri urwo rwego. Ubu bamaze kuboneka.
Uyu mubare ni muto ugereranyije n’ibyo u Rwanda rwifuza kuko kuri iyi nshuro ruteganya gushyiraho ibice bine nk’ibi.
Ibi byumvikanisha ko hakenewe abandi bakozi barenga 400 bazobereye iby’uru rwego. Ibi bizafasha u Rwanda kubona megawatt 600. Izi SMR zizongerwaho izindi uko u Rwanda ruzagenda rutera imbere.
U Rwanda ni igihugu cya 38 giherutse kujya mu bishaka kuba bibyaza amashanyarazi ingufu za nucleaire mu 2050.
